Would different methodologies for assessing carbon leakage exposure lead to different risk levels? A case study of the Brazilian industry     

Luan Santos  André F. P. Lucena  Rafael Garaffa 《Climate Policy》2019,19(9):1102-1116

Energy-intensive industries play an important role in low-carbon development, being particularly exposed to climate policies. Concern over possible carbon leakage in this sector poses a major challenge for designing effective carbon pricing instruments (CPI). Different methodologies for assessing carbon leakage exposure are currently used by different jurisdictions, each of them based on different approaches and indicators. This paper aims to analyse the extent to which the use of different methodologies leads to different results in terms of exposure to the risk of carbon leakage, using the Brazilian industry sector as a case study. Results indicate that carbon leakage exposure is an expected outcome of eventual CPI implementation in Brazilian industry. However, results vary according to the chosen methodology, so the definition of the criteria is paramount for assessing sectoral exposure to the risk of carbon leakage.

Key policy insights

• Despite increasing discussion about the implementation of carbon pricing on the Brazilian industrial sector, the evaluation of carbon leakage risks is still neglected.

• Assessments of the risk of carbon leakage are directly related to the indicators and criteria used by each methodology. Thus, a given subsector may present different levels of exposure to carbon leakage depending on the methodological choice.

• More than a purely technical discussion, the methodological definition of carbon leakage risk is a political discussion – it can be well-conducted, leading to the success of a CPI, or even sabotaged, by implicitly subsidizing energy-intensive industries.

  相似文献   

CONDITIONAL NONLINEAR OPTIMAL PERTURBATIONS: APPLICATION IN TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECASTS     

田洪军  李泽椿  王栋梁  王斌 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2019,25(4):421-436

Considering the feature of tropical cyclones (TCs) that strong positive vorticity exists in the lower layers of troposphere, this study proposed to use vorticity at 850 hPa as cost function to find the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP), which was largely different from those previous studies using total energy of perturbed forecast variables. The CNOP was obtained by an ensemble-based approach. All of the sensitive areas determined by CNOP with vorticity at 850 hPa as cost function for the three cases were located over the TC core region and its vicinity. The impact of the CNOP-based adaptive observations on TC forecasts was evaluated with three cases via observational system simulation experiments (OSSEs). Results showed obvious improvements in TC intensity or track forecasts due to the CNOP-based adaptive observations, which were related to the main error source of the verification area, i.e., intensity error or location error.  相似文献   

江淮切变线强度的定量化描述方法研究     

顾荣直  禹梁玉  韩桂荣  孙泓川  蔡凝昊 《气象科学》2019,39(6):810-817

从气象观测事实和物理的角度出发,定义了一种江淮切变线强度的定量化的表征方法,即综合与降水关系密切的切变涡度和散度形成能客观近似地刻画切变线附近切变强度的指标量■。并在此基础上利用再分析资料和实况降水资料分析切变强度与对应降水量之间的关系,分析表明:强切变强度区域与降水雨带有明显的对应关系,降水区往往与强切变强度区域相一致或是比强切变强度区域略偏南;证实了切变强度与降水强度有正相关关系的事实,当切变强度■时,对应区域6 h累积降水量超过10 mm,甚至达到30 mm。  相似文献   

卫星地面站雷电直击效应防护设计探讨          下载免费PDF全文

孙俊德  李志鹏  赵洪升  王凯 《气象与环境科学》2019,42(2):124-128

卫星地面站雷电防护工程通常采用接闪杆作为天线主体的雷电直击效应防护措施,接闪杆的高度不仅影响其保护范围,而且影响其截闪概率。通过计算年预计雷击次数对截闪概率进行量化分析,结果表明,截闪概率近似与接闪杆高度平方成正比,采用过高的接闪杆将增大地面站遭受雷击电磁脉冲损坏的风险。为优化接闪杆设计,定义了保护体积的概念,并利用折线法与滚球法分别计算了三维立体空间内的保护范围。结果表明:接闪杆的保护范围与高度呈现非线性相关,当接闪杆超过一定高度(折线法超过30m,滚球法超过0.8倍滚球半径)后,对保护范围的影响十分有限;当接闪杆高度低于0.4倍滚球半径时,滚球法保护范围较大,反之则折线法保护范围较大。对接闪杆接闪瞬间周边的磁场强度分析结果表明,无屏蔽环境下地面站电子系统与接闪杆的常规距离远小于两者的理论安全距离,实际工程中难以通过增大接闪杆与卫星地面站的间距消除雷击电磁脉冲危害。为降低这一风险,卫星地面站直击雷防护应优先采用天线自带接闪杆的方式,条件不具备时也应尽量避免采用单支高大接闪杆,可选取适当的计算方法,采用多支较低接闪杆共同防护的方案。  相似文献   

东亚副热带西风急流的变化特征     

王天奇  王鹏凯 《黑龙江气象》2019,36(1):21-23

利用1979-2013年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了东亚副热带西风急流的变化特征。结果表明:东亚副热带西风急流中心位置、强度有明显的季节变化,冬季偏东偏南、强度最强,夏季偏北偏西、强度最弱。冬半年东亚副热带西风急流南界、北界年际变化的幅度大,夏半年幅度较小。冬季、春季东亚副热带西风急流范围较大,秋季、夏季小,一年内,偏大年或偏小年的出现不具有季节的连续性。  相似文献   

辽宁绥中地区海陆风的多普勒测风激光雷达观测与特征提取          下载免费PDF全文

李珍妮  宋小全  马秋杰  吴松华  王箫鹏  李荣忠 《山东气象》2019,39(4):52-60

2019年3月,利用相干多普勒测风激光雷达首次在辽东湾西部绥中地区进行了风廓线测量试验。根据研究区域海岸线走向采用风向的十六分位法定义局地海风和陆风,分析和提取海陆风特征验证了多普勒测风激光雷达在春季季风间断期间观测海陆风的可行性,并计算和分析了大气边界层湍流能量的变化以及回流水平变化等特性。结果表明：1）绥中地区春季存在明显的海陆风环流特征,测风激光雷达观测海陆风出现的时间与地面自动气象站观测的数据较为一致,符合海陆风日的定义。2）海陆风日发生时,水平局地回流指数（RF）较小,1.2 km以下的RF值小于0.5,使得污染物循环累积,较易形成雾霾天气;但是海风时大气边界层的高度可达1 km以上,有利于低层大气污染物向高层扩散,减轻低层大气污染。研究结果为该地边界层参数化方案的设计和污染的防治提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

1998-2012年中国耕地复种指数时空差异及动因   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

谢花林  刘桂英 《地理学报》2015,(4)

从国家、区域和省级三个层面上分析了1998-2012年间中国耕地复种指数的变化趋势,并基于Theil指数探讨了中国耕地复种指数的时空差异,利用计量经济学模型从人文视角探讨了耕地复种指数变化的影响因素。结果表明:1在全国尺度上,中国耕地复种指数总体上呈逐年增长的趋势。2在区域尺度上,复种指数最高的为中部地区,最低的为东北地区;而复种指数增长最快的是东北地区,最慢的是中部地区,东部地区呈下降趋势。3中国31个省份复种指数各不相同,且差距大,复种指数增长最快的是新疆、宁夏和云南。4由Theil指数值的大小可知,中国耕地复种指数的差异呈缩小态势,其主要原因为四大区域间的差异。5人口非农化比重对耕地复种指数产生了显著负向作用,产业非农化比重、农业政策、人均经营耕地和农村家庭人均经营纯收入对耕地复种指数产生了显著正向作用。最后,本文认为转移农村剩余劳动力,提高农民的经营性收入水平,促进土地流转,形成土地规模化经营,以及进一步加大对欠发达地区及粮食主产区农业发展的惠农扶持力度,充分发挥国家惠农政策的诱致作用,有利于全面提高中国耕地复种水平。  相似文献   

降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考     

辛鹏  吴树仁  石菊松  王涛  石玲 《地质论评》2015,61(3):485-493

降雨诱发的浅层黄土泥流规模小、流速快、冲击力强、发育范围广、难以防御、致灾频率高,近两年造成了大量人员伤亡,急需开展其形成机制与强度的研究。黄土物质组成与水敏性、坡体形态对降雨入渗—积水的响应、黄土斜坡对降水入渗的力学响应机制、富水黄土粘滞性流动特性是制约浅层黄土泥流形成的四种主要因素,分析这四种因素的对浅层黄土泥流形成的制约作用需解决斜坡降雨入渗的水文过程、非饱和土的力学效应及水土耦合的机制等前沿问题。本文对影响泥流形成的各因素研究的最新进展进行了综述,同时讨论了研究中的核心问题,并提出了相应的对策与方案,认为可从三方面开展研究:(1)定量描述泥流体积扩容特征,建立浅层黄土泥流启动与流动模式;(2)分析泥流与原状黄土物质成分、组成结构差异,开展黄土非饱和增湿力学变形试验,监测0°~60°单面坡与坡肩平缓斜坡的降雨入渗过程,研究坡体形态对雨水汇聚、入渗及基质吸力变化的控制特征,揭示泥流流体运动过程中水土响应机制;(3)对浅层黄土泥流物理力学模型进行解析,讨论泥流流动能量转化特征,建立降雨诱发泥流灾害的强度计算模型,为降雨泥流灾害危险性定量计算提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

中央气象台台风强度综合预报误差分析   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

张守峰  余晖  向纯怡 《气象》2015,41(10):1278-1285

本文从总误差、逐年趋势、误差分布等方面对2001—2012年中央气象台（Central Meteorological Observatory, CMO）的台风（TC）强度综合预报水平进行分析,初步分析了强度迅速变化台风预报偏差大的原因。结果表明,强度预报水平没有明显改善,预报误差呈现逐年波动状态,强度稳定TC的预报误差最小,迅速加强TC的预报误差最大。24、96~120 h预报偏强的概率较大,而48~72 h预报偏弱的概率大。南海东北部等海域的预报误差较大,应在业务预报中特别予以关注。随着TC强度的逐渐增强,强度预报在120 h内预报偏强的可能性变大,而强度预报偏弱的可能性减小。根据误差分析结果,提出了一个强度概率预报方案,检验结果表明可在业务中参考使用。  相似文献   

STATISTICAL AND COMPOSITE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF CONVECTIVE CORES AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TBB WITHIN THE TROPICAL CYCLONE CIRCULATION AND ITS INTENSITY     

曹钰  岳彩军  寿绍文 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(1):1-13

Based on the data(including radius of maximum winds) from the JTWC(Joint Typhoon Warning Center),the tropical cyclones(TCs) radii of the outermost closed isobar, TCs best tracks from Shanghai Typhoon Institute and the Black Body Temperature(TBB) of the Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite M1 TR IR1, and combining13 tropical cyclones which landed in China again after visiting the island of Taiwan during the period from 2001 to2010, we analyzed the relationship between the number of convective cores within TC circulation and the intensity of TC with the method of convective-stratiform technique(CST) and statistical and composite analysis. The results are shown as follows:(1) The number of convective cores in the entire TC circulation is well corresponding with the outer spiral rainbands and the density of convective cores in the inner core area increases(decreases) generally with increasing(decreasing) TC intensity. At the same time, the number of convective cores within the outer spiral rainbands is more than that within the inner core and does not change much with the TC intensity. However, the density of convective cores within the outer spiral rainbands is lower than that within the inner core.(2) The relationship described above is sensitive to landing location to some extent but not sensitive to the structure of TC.(3) The average value of TBB in the inner core area increases(decreases) generally with increasing(decreasing) of TC intensity, which is also sensitive to landing situation to some extent. At the same time, the average value of TBB within the outer spiral rainbands is close to that within the entire TC circulation, and both of them are more than that within the inner core. However, they do not reflect TC intensity change significantly.(4) The results of statistical composite based on convective cores and TBB are complementary with each other, so a combination of both can reflect the relationship between TC rainbands and TC intensity much better.  相似文献